Self Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self Marketing Plan - Assignment Example Some portion of my duty is ensuring there is sufficient staff for the up and coming movement dependent on statistics and get out and to advise the chief in control. Staffing is one of the activity obligations of a medical attendant director/nurture chairman. Other occupation obligations incorporate money related administration and planning which is a territory I would require more involvement with, selecting, meeting and preparing new workers. I have arranged a few new RNs that have joined our unit and I especially appreciate showing one on one or in little gatherings. Finishing execution assessments, figuring out what benefits the medicinal services office will give, and guaranteeing that all employees’ licenses and confirmations are forward-thinking would likewise be my duty. I would do well with these obligations since I am sorted out, and have just idea of a few changes I think would be advantageous to the patients and staff if they somehow managed to be actualized on our unit. In view of my insight, aptitudes and t6he experience I have picked up until now, I hope to be remunerated a compensation inside the scope of 80,000-120,000. I would take part in different exercises to set myself up for this job so as to guarantee that I am consistently fit as a fiddle to offer my administrations. For example, I would guarantee I keep myself side by side with current emergency clinic strategies, clinical information, and current medicinal services issues. I would likewise search for a good example or guide that I could talk with and gain from particularly in the first place. I foresee having to consistently teach myself on changing approaches and medicinal services issues just as adjust to spending cuts and new staffing. I think there’s consistently open doors for individual and vocation development inside each set of working responsibilities regardless of whether it’s simply improving or exceeding expectations at day by day work assignments and duties. By and large, I see myself as a benevolent individual so I figure I would

Classical Music Concert with 3 Instruments essays

Old style Music Concert with 3 Instruments articles Old style Music is as yet famous after it has just created for many years. Right now, there are as yet numerous individuals entrance this novel sort of performing music by numerous old style instruments. Dissimilar to pop instruments, old style instruments are generally significantly more quiet. Accordingly, the climate they make is incredibly pacific; this sort of air is easy to delineate numerous scenes of numerous accounts. The show, Bonie Hampton and Faculty Friends: A Chamber Music Reunion, which was performed by workforce of Juilliard School of Music, is a great old style execution with just piano, violin, and viola. It created a very serene felling to audience members and permitted audience members to come out of numerous psychological impressions of various scenes in their brains. Before the show began, audience members were holding up in the backup line and talking about the enormity and substance of the show with one another. I heard that this show was centennial that performed by some accomplished resources of Julliard School and those resources would not perform freely regularly. This show got baffling to me at that point. The primary melody in the show was called Robert Mann and Earl Carlyss, which was performed by piano and viola. It had a moderate rhythm toward the start and consistently accelerating. At the point when the tune began, the dynamic was piano, following a moment, it became mezzo-piano. By and large, the whole melody was crescendo. In the tune, there were a couple of seconds that had subito from piano to specialty; it made numerous shocks for each audience. I was stunned when subito occurred. After the subito, the dynamic turned decrescendo. During the subito-decrescendo period, the whole powerful resembled an individual climbed a slope here and there. The tune appeared to be increasingly fascinating to the audience members, particularly to me. The climate of the entire melody was from serene to... <!

Events Galore COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Events Galore COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Below is some evidence of the choices that SIPA students must sometimes make when it comes to how to spend their time.   There always seems to be something going on at SIPA or on our campus that would be interesting to attend. ____________________ Monday, November 29, 2010 Gender-Based Violence in the Congo 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Gender Policy Panel Discussion with Dr. Les Roberts, Professor of Epidemiology at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; Paula Donovan, Co-Founder of AIDS-Free World; Dr. Susan Bartels, Co-Head of the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative; and Lisa Jackson, Writer and Director of the film The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo. Debate: Nuclear Energy and Climate Change 7:00 pm 9:00 pm Columbia Law School, Jerome Greene Hall, Room 106 Earth Institute Debate with Robert Alvarez, Senior Scholar, Institute for Policy Studies, former Senior Policy Advisor to the Secretary of Energy; Peter Bradford, Adjunct Professor, Vermont Law School, former Commissioner, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, former Chair, New York and Maine utility regulatory commissions; Barton Cowan, Visiting Professor, West Virginia University College of Law, of counsel, Eckert Seamans Cherin Mellott, LLC; Susan Eisenhower, Member, Blue Ribbon Commission for Americas Nuclear Future, Chair Emeritus, Eisenhower Institute; Michael Gerrard, Andrew Sabin Professor of Professional Practice, Director, Columbia Center for Climate Change Law Tuesday, November 30, 2010 Kazakhstans Refugee Crisis: Violence, Hunger and the Transformation of Broader Central Asia, 1930-1933 12:00 am 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Lecture with Sarah Cameron , Post-Doctoral Fellow, Yale University Japan Circa 1959 The High-Growth Economy and the Social Effects of Television 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Yoshikuni Igarashi, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University Kazakhstans Refugee Crisis: Violence, Hunger and the Transformation of Broader Central Asia, 1930-1933 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building Harriman Institute Lecture with Sarah Cameron, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Yale DevInfo Training 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 407 New Media Task Force Workshop with Christina J. Irene, a representative from the joint UNICEF/DevInfo programme, along with the Fall 2010 DevInfo Interns, will present an introduction to the DevInfo data management system. Brown Bag with Amb. Paul R. Seger, Permanent Repepresentative of Switzerland to the UN 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 802 International Organization Specialization Brown Bag Lecture with Ambassador Paul R. Seger, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations How Not to Help 6:30 pm 8:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 707 Institute for the Study of Human Rights Discussion with Kate Cronin-Furman and Amanda Taub from Wronging Rights. Wednesday, December 1, 2010 Lake Baikal, Siberia: Will Industrial Development Destroy the Worlds Largest, Cleanest Lake? 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Lecture Czech Foreign Policy After the Fall of Communism 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Harriman Institute Lecture with Jiri Paroubek Perspectives on Political and Economic Dynamism in Northeast Asia- Challenges of China and North Korea 12:00 pm 1:30 pm Columbia Univerity Morningside Campus International Affairs Building, Room 918 Center for Korean Research Lecture with Ambassador Young-Mok Kim,Consul General of Republic of Korea to New York. No registration is required. Leaders in Global Energy: Dr. Fatih Birol: Critical Factors Shaping the Future Global Energy Landscape 2:00 pm 3:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 School of International and Public Affairs and Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy Lecture with Dr. Fatih Birol, Chief Economist, International Energy Agency Register Tolerance Without Liberalism: Conflict and Coexistence in Twentieth-Century Indonesia 4:00 pm 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 801 Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Lecture with CDTR Visiting Fellow, Jeremy Menchik My Perestroika 8:00 pm 10:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 417 Harriman Institute Film Screening and Discussion with Robin Hessman. To reserve tickets in advance please follow the link: www.ovationtix.com/trs/pe/8563295. Tickets will also be available at the box office in the Lerner Hall Lobby the day of the show. Concert Series: Italian Harpsichord Music with Andrew Appel 8:00 pm 9:30 pm The Italian Academy at Columbia, 1161 Amsterdam Avenue The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University Concert Series with harpsichordist Andrew Appel, violinist Krista Bennion Feeney, and cellist Loretta O’Sullivan, performing the music of Boccherini, Cimarosa, and Clementi Thursday, December 2, 2010 A Conversation with Adolfo Carrion, Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 12:00 pm- 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Urban and Social Policy Concentration Conversation with Adolfo Carrion, Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Register Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 East Central European Center Discussion with Professor Tibor Frank, Eötvös Loránd University, Columbia University, regarding the impulses influencing a uniquely gifted generation of mostly Jewish Hungarian emigrants. Biological Measures of the Standard of Living North and South of the Border 4:15 pm 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 802 Institute of Latin American Studies Lecture: with Prof. Richard Steckel, Distinguished University Professor of Economics, Anthropology and History at Ohio State University. When China Met Africa and The Colony 6:00 pm 8:00 pm Studio X 180 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Committee on Global Thought Film screening / Discussion including two films that examine Chinese investment in Africa Register Stories of Stigma, Stories of Strength: Ethnographic Oral History with Sanitation Workers in New York City 6:00 pm 8:00 pm Schermerhorn, Room 754 Oral History Master of Arts Program Lecture with Robin Nagle. She will present her ethnographic work for her forthcoming book Picking Up. QMSS Seminar: Sexual Networks and HIV Transmission in a High-Prevalence Setting: Evidence from a Sociocentric Study 6:30 pm 8:30 pm Hamilton Hall, Room 503 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Seminar with Stephane Helleringer, Mailman School of Public Health Friday, December 3, 2010 Afghanistan: Prospects for Peace 9:00 am 5:30 pm Kellogg Center, International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies Sixth Annual Arnold A. Saltzman Forum Register From a Raindrop to a Stream Pebble to a Delta: Recent Research on Predictive Modeling 3:00 pm 4:00 pm Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 833 Earth Institute Lecture with Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, Distinguished McKnight University Professor, Director of the National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics, University of Minnesota Register Asia in Africa: New Connections in Historical Perspective 3:00 pm 5:00 pm Davis Auditorium, Schapiro Center Committee on Global Thought Discussion Panel with Howard French, Deborah Brautigam, Abdoulie Janneh, and Wang Hongyi Register Saturday, December 4, 2010 The International Criminal Court in Motion An Analysis of its Seven Years of Activities and Perspectives with Dr. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor, International Criminal Court 4:00 pm 5:30 pm International Affairs Building Room 1501 Center for International Conflict Resolution Lecture with Dr. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The talk will be followed by a discussion moderated by Mr. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Director of the Center for International Conflict Resolution. Register Sunday, December 5, 2010 Toxica Simulation 9:30 am 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 CRWG and LASA Simulation allowing participants to engage in a negotiation, observed by negotiation practitioners. Space is limited, RSVP required. Please email Toxica2010@gmail.com. UPCOMING EVENTS Monday, December 6, 2010 From Three-Legged to Two-Legged Races The Emergence of Womens Competitive Sports in Japan (1910s-20s) 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Robin Kietlinski, Adjunct Assistant Professor of History, Baruch College; Visiting Researcher, Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Monday, December 6 â€" Distinguished Lecturer Series Southern Buddhism: Tracing Later Buddhist Art in South India 4:00 pm 5:30 pm Knox Hall, Room 208 Southern Asian Institute Distinguished Lecturer Series with John Guy, Metropolitan Museum of Art Innovating for Development: A Thought Leadership Forum from the Journal of International Affairs 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 School of International and Public Affairs Forum moderated by Steven Cohen, Executive Director, Earth Institute, about how innovation is driving the agenda for sustainable development, climate change, natural resource use and energy policy. Register Thursday, December 9, 2010 U.S. Rapprochement with Indonesia From Problem State to Partner 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Ann Marie Murphy, Associate Professor, School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University; Adjunct Research Scholar, Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Thursday, December 9, 2010 Transforming Humiliation and Violent Conflict Workshop 5:00 pm 8:00 pm Columbia University, Teachers College Campus, 525 West 120th Street, Grace Dodge Hall, Room 179 Earth Institute Lecture Thursday, December 9, 2010 QMSS Seminar: Political Conditions for Diffusion? Anti-Corporate Movements and the Spread of Cooperatives in America Capitalism 6:30 pm 8:30 pm Hamilton Hall, Room 503 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Lecture with Marc Schneiberg, Queens College Department of Sociology Monday, December 13, 2010 Post-Cancun Debriefing 12:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 The Columbia-Paris Alliance Program and the Sustainable Development Doctoral Society Seminar on the climate change negotiations in Cancun, with Scott Barett, Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor of Natural Resource Economics and Laurence Tubiana, Alliance Visiting Professor at Columbia From Wednesday, January 12, 2011 through Friday, January 14, 2011 SIPA Students Only: 35th Annual Washington, DC Career Conference All Day Event Washington, DC Office of Career Services, School of International and Public Affairs 35th Annual Washington, DC Career Conference, a three-day event consisting of 20 panels, employer site visits, networking reception and a day of informational interviews. For further information regarding this event, please contact Joe Musso at sipa.dc.conference@columbia.edu. Register

Why Does Hydrogen Peroxide Bubble on a Wound

Have you ever wondered why hydrogen peroxide bubbles on a cut or wound, yet it doesnt bubble on unbroken skin? Heres a look at the chemistry behind what makes hydrogen peroxide fizz—and what it means when it doesnt.​ Why Hydrogen Peroxide Forms Bubbles Hydrogen peroxide bubbles when it comes into contact with an enzyme called catalase. Most cells in the body contain catalase, so when the tissue is damaged, the enzyme is released and becomes available to react with the peroxide. Catalase allows hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to be broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Like other enzymes, catalase is not used up in the reaction but is recycled to catalyze more reactions. Catalase supports up to 200,000 reactions per second. The bubbles you see when you pour hydrogen peroxide on a cut are bubbles of oxygen gas. Blood, cells, and some bacteria (e.g., staphylococcus) contain catalase but its not found on the surface of your skin. Thats why pouring peroxide on unbroken skin wont cause bubbles to form. Do keep in mind that since it is so reactive, hydrogen peroxide has a shelf-life—especially once the container its in has been opened. If you dont see bubbles form when peroxide is applied to an infected wound or bloody cut, theres a chance your peroxide has exceeded its shelf-life and is no longer active. Hydrogen Peroxide as a Disinfectant Since oxidation is a good way to alter or destroy pigment molecules, the earliest use of hydrogen peroxide was as a bleaching agent. However, peroxide has been used as a rinse and disinfectant since the 1920s. Hydrogen peroxide works to disinfect wounds in several ways: First, since its a solution in water, it helps rinse away dirt and damaged cells and loosen dried blood, while the bubbles help lift away debris. Although the oxygen released by peroxide doesnt kill all types of bacteria, some are destroyed. Peroxide also has bacteriostatic properties, meaning it helps prevent bacteria from growing and dividing, and also acts as a sporicide, killing potentially infectious fungal spores. However, hydrogen peroxide isnt an ideal disinfectant because it also kills fibroblasts, which are a type of connective tissue the body uses to help repair wounds. Since it inhibits healing, hydrogen peroxide should not be used for prolonged periods of time. In fact, most doctors and dermatologists advise against using it to disinfect open wounds for this very reason. Make Sure Hydrogen Peroxide Is Still Good Eventually, hydrogen peroxide breaks down into oxygen and water. Once it has, if you use it on a wound, youre basically using plain water. Fortunately, theres a simple test to see whether or not your peroxide is still good. Simply splash a small amount into a sink. Metals (like those near the drain) catalyze the conversion of oxygen and water, so they also form bubbles as youd see on a wound. If bubbles form, the peroxide is effective. If you dont see bubbles, its time to get a new bottle. To ensure hydrogen peroxide lasts as long as possible, keep it in its original dark container (light breaks down peroxide) and store it in a cool location. Test It Yourself Human cells arent the only ones that release catalase when they are compromised. Try pouring hydrogen peroxide on a whole potato. Next, compare that reaction to the one you get when you pour peroxide on a slice of cut potato. You can also test the reactions of other substances, like how alcohol burns on skin or wounds.

What Does Research Paper Samples Essay Mean?

What Does Research Paper Samples Essay Mean? Research paper is regarded as the multi-page writing. You are able to purchase research paper when you need and wherever you're. The research paper will have a number of distinct headings that are relevant to the thesis. Writing a fantastic research paper may be daunting task that needs extensive research. Our samples are supposed to set you apart by aiding you to write superior papers and essays. Read the full application, including fine print so you clearly understand the directions. The procedure is quite straightforward. Write about the results that you will present, and consider the type of tests you would love to incorporate, jotting them down in your outline. So as to play it safe and secure the very best result however harsh the odds, employing a research paper writing service stands an excellent idea. When you have chosen the controversial topic, it's time to take into account over both sides of the problem. The paper is given with the consistent focus, clear research, and provides a deep comprehension of the subject or topic when distinguishing the opinions and facts, and is reliable when it has to do with findings and conclusion. This research paper is intended to concentrate on the consequences of school bullying and what society can do in order to assist in prevent ing future bullying from occurring. The Argument About Research Paper Samples Essay In truth, it is by far the most significant part research paper writing. Big or little, writing a research paper is a large amount of work. If you wish to get a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you demand! Of course, if it's the case that you try to turn in a typical paper done in the center of the night in a few hours, then it is a bit of cake, naturally. Researching for a paper can be exceedingly time consuming together with tiring, the majority of the time that it ends up being an okay paper since you do not own an expert source or you could just have used the incorrect format. When a research paper is assigned to you it isn't just to receive your views about the topic. Every academic paper really needs a thesis statement. Research paper writing service is a great alternative. When you submit your paper, be certain to keep a safe copy. On the flip side, content of essays includes an overview together with the basic comprehension of a topic. There are a few important suggestions on the best way to format papers correctly. Therefore it isn't too different, no matter how the APA format is a little detailed as it's not a mandatory you include the program title or the name of the professor. The New Fuss About Research Paper Samples Essay You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Both examples handle the identical theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. Quite a huge selection of topics it's possible to find here. If you to compose a particular topics. You will get your paper in a couple of days (or even hours if you want it very soon). Not right away, in a couple of hours or even days when you have some with a transparent mind. Of course you can't say so. A whole lot of students often wait to obtain research papers. To summarize, it seems like assignment essays continue to receive a prominent role in tertiary education as an assessment tool. It's not quite as easy as writing an essay about your summer vacation, your family members, or the previous party you've been to, since you don't need to do research to figure out about your personal experience. It's all-important to commence preparing narrative and research essays beforehand, preferably on the exact same day it was assigned! The absolute most poignant and actionable bullying research provides practical tips that you're able to implement at your school or better still, entire school district.

Consequences of Postmodernism in the Movie Free Essays

How the movie â€Å"American Psycho† relates to the post modern society of America in the 80†² IIS Postmodernism was first seen in the late nineteenth century, but after the second world war it was applied to people’s everyday life. â€Å"American Psycho† portraits the reality and consequences of postmodernism through the mysterious life of Patrick Bateman as the â€Å"American Psycho†. Patrick Bateman is the main character of the movie, and the whole world is seen through his eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequences of Postmodernism in the Movie or any similar topic only for you Order Now The moral in the movie is that there are no morals, it is one big twisted game fighting for status. Patriot’s life comes focused on this goal through worshipping the surface through capitalistic, consumerist and narcissistic behavior. The â€Å"Business card† scene definitely displays that Patrick Bateman perceives the world as post modernistic. Nothing has meaning to it in Patriot’s mind, as ideologies, goodness and love. What Bateman can relate to are the materialistic aspects for example the business cards where it meaner everything to him to have the best card which is only an illusion of himself. Bateman and the phenomenon, postmodernism are the idea that nothing is real Just an illusion and that everything is a copy of something that’s already been duplicated. This movie has many different ways to look at it. Many have seen this movie and thought whether this is all real or if it’s Just his crazy twisted mind, making it all up. One thing we can agree on is the fact that Patrick Bateman is a mentally disturbed person. Maybe all this violence and blood displayed in this movie, are the feelings of the author towards the post modernistic society that we have and do live in, this is him showing his hatred towards it. This is why it is irrelevant whether it is real or not, t is this feeling the author has towards this twisted society that you must understand and to feel it you must see it in action. When societies redefine, the people also redefine this is the process we see in Batsman’s life. He is always thriving to redefine himself both through his physical body and through his materialistic belongings. This thriving for the idealistic image is the meaning of life for Patrick Bateman, all of his actions and thought are focused on redefining himself compared to the redefining society. Survival becomes a key point in this society. Bateman is trying to survive in his sick society. By surviving it meaner to keep up with all the materialistic ideologies of the perfect being. His survival for this we see when he does his regular morning exercise followed by a skin mask to the battle of business cards. One of postmodernists big aspects is the value given to the materialistic aspects of society, everything has lost its soul even people are described almost as if they were products. People are no longer Judged by their true selves but through what clothes they wear, what perfume they use and how much money they own. An example from he movie is the big importance of which restaurant to eat at. It is not whether the food is good, it is what image it represents to the surrounding people. Patrick Bateman is trying to sell himself all the time. He does this Just like you would advertise a bottle of coca-cola. He wants the surrounding people to associate him with the best restaurant, business card and even the look of his girlfriend. This is exactly how coca-cola tries to sell us this idea of happiness and fairytale world when you open a bottle of coca-cola, this they do through advertisements as we see it with Bateman, who becomes a product. Creating this image of yourself is pure postmodernism. The movie shows this to us in such a clear way though Patrick Bateman description of himself. â€Å"‘ have all the characteristics of a human being: blood, flesh, skin, hair; but not a single, clear, identifiable emotion, except for greed and disgust. † and â€Å"there is an idea of a Patrick Bateman; some kind of abstraction. But there is no real me: only an entity, something illusory. And though I can hide my cold gaze, and you can shake my hand and feel flesh gripping yours and maybe you can even sense our lifestyles are probably comparable†¦ I simply am not there†. To understand this you must understand that the soul is your true being. Through postmodernism the soul dies due to always having to manipulate and create this illusory image of one self, but by doing this the soul is getting buried so deep beneath this image, that it is almost non-existing. The whole point of a post modernistic life is trying to create this perfect picture of yourself, instead of finding your true self by removing all mindsets and ideologies given to you by this manipulative society trying to give you ideologies, norms and rules that bury our soul. This movie is showing postmodernism at its finest. All values, ideologies and norms have vanished and now they are meaningless. In the end the only thing you can really reflect on is one self. Bateman is wandering around a materialistic â€Å"yuppie society†, where people are so concerned and busy with their outer, status and themselves, that they don’t see how gruesome and crazy Bateman really is. All the violence in itself is not that important for the meaning of the movie. What really is trying to be shown in this movie is this outrage towards the post modernistic society and how it can affect you. How to cite Consequences of Postmodernism in the Movie, Papers

Research Methodology and Statistics

Various research approaches Correlation study This is the study that uses statistical measures to identify the relationship existing between variables. One of the advantages is that it provides room for simple observation of variables in their original set-up. It also protects the results hence no room for manipulation. Its disadvantage is that it does not have the ability to relate variables (McMillan and Schumacher, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) define a correlation study as â€Å"a quantitative method of research in which you measure two variables for each individual. Its collected data determines whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables† (p. 191). â€Å"Correlation study shows the relationship between two variables but do not g ive inner details and description on the mechanism of the relationship† (Gay et al., 2006, p. 11). In this study researchers are capable of making predictions on things having familiar correlation unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.32). Disadvantage is that it is not easy to remember correlational study since cause is not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish the cause of phenomena despite the existing relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p. 45). Casual-comparative study This is the method that reveals casual relationship existing between variables. It relates the subject in question to already available data provided by the management. The availability of management in this design helps in providing sufficient information for the study. However, in some instances in-depth study on independent variables is required so as to develop necessary test differences between groups. Example is a research study done on the ca uses of death amongst the newborn babies, the researcher selects the record on actual cases of babies who have died within the first month of life and then record the ‘controls’ who are the babies who survives their first month of life. The researcher then interviews the nurses to compare the history of these two groups in order to determine the prevailing risk factors that might have caused the deaths as opposed to survival (Holland et al., 1985).Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advantage is that researchers are â€Å"able to make predictions† on things that their correlations are known unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). The variables used in this study cannot be manipulated, hence making this method desirable. This is quite different from other study methods like correlation. The study tries to â€Å"highlight the cause of the effect† making implementation easier (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p. 190). Disadvantage of Correlation is that is difficult to remember since causes are not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish causes of events despite the relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). Also compared to other study types like quasi experimental study, casual-comparative does not provide â€Å"an actual or accurate data to the researcher† (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p.222). Quasi-experimental study This study examines the results through comparison of subjects that receive program activities and the results of such similar group that do not receive program activities. The results before and after group’s participation are compared. The advantage of this type of experiment is that it has the ability to reveal causes and effects. Its disadvantage is that it cannot establish relationship between the results (Campbell and Stanley, 1963). Quasi experiment can be very valuable in providing important information such as; detailed information about the population under study, information that identifies the expected changes and results, detailed data on the level of change that occurs over a period of time, it also provides information on the changing outcomes and those that do not change (Bogdan and Biklen, 2007). Experimental study This is the method where the variables defining one or more phenomena can be adjusted to suite the definition of other variables. One of the advantages is that it allows for direct manipulation and control of the independent variable. It limits any other explanations and allows direct casual relationship between variables. One of the limitations is that it requires a laboratory for the experiment to be undertaken; this affects the outcome since the results are artificially generated. There is minimal control of variables and this may sometimes make the experiments difficult to undertake (Campbel l and Stanley, 1963).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sampling approaches Sampling is the process where a subgroup is picked from a population and then used as the main study phenomena to reveal the characteristics of the whole population. This makes it easy for the researcher to generalize the issues about the population based on the characteristics of the sample group. Advantage of sampling methods is that it is easier to collect data from small number of participants. Large population can be described using several variables which might prove to be very expensive (Borg, Gall, and Gall, 1993; Gall, Borg and Gall, 1996). The following are the different types of sampling approaches used; Random sampling This is the non-systematic collection of samples from whole population. Every member within the population holds an equal opportunity to b e included in the sample, all the process is based on chance. Example when one wants to identify preferred candidate for a post. A list of citizens who are registered voters within the region is obtained, then the names are written on cards after which the cards are mixed and selected randomly based on chance. Advantage of this method is that it provides opportunity for participation of all subjects. This approach is preferred over others because it provides chance for general results. For instance if there was a study to collect results from twenty people selected randomly or from 100 people selected using other methods, the small sample is found convenient to work with. Disadvantages include the fact that this method must have a list indicating all population members, it is also more expensive to conduct, time consuming and the data can be easily manipulated. Stratified sampling In this approach, random samples are collected from identified groups within the population. Advantage of this approach is that it ensures there is proportional presentation of members from a particular group. The disadvantages is that it’s a bit complicated and requires a lot of input since each strata must be defined in a more careful way.Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This approach is used where the population comprises of distinct sub-groups that must be studied. In this case accurate estimate of each sub-group is made by taking sample of adequate size from each stratum. Estimate of the whole population can be done by first knowing the total population of each strata then adding their estimates. Cluster sampling This is where samples of successive groups are identified and divided into small units. Cluster sampling results in less accurate estimates of indicators as compared to random sampling. This is because participants found within the clusters may sometimes show similar characteristics. One advantage of this sampling method is that it is possible to work with local list even without the list of population members; it is also possible to isolate members to avoid unnecessary contradictions. Disadvantage of this method is that sometimes it is difficult to â€Å"equate clusters in a level† due to differences in characteristics. This call s for increase in the size of sample in order to find varied characteristics (Black, 1999, p 118; Wiersma, 1995). An example where it can be used is where population is spread over wide area posing some difficulty in data collection. Cluster sampling is used to concentrate fieldwork in specific clusters. External and Internal Validity of a Study Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) defines validity as â€Å"the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure; a test is valid for a particular purpose for a particular group† (p153 and 603). Validity focuses on testing and measuring the intended phenomenon. There are four types of validity; â€Å"Content validity indicates the level to which a test measures a sample of a whole population to establish its characteristics. Criterion validity indicates the capability of predicting test scores hence estimating performance based on the appraised test. While construct validity looks at mental interpretation of test performance† (Creswell, 2008, p172; Gay et al., 2006, p.152). Internal validity is a case where the research is examined to reveal whether it demonstrated any valid relationship between the variables under study (Patton, 1990). The study is considered internally valid in a case where the effects on dependant variable are due to the differences that exist between independent variables. Threats to internal validity include; past events, growth, testing, human disadvantages and effects from instruments, statistical regression, selection, mortality and imitation of treatments. On the other hand External validity presents ways on which findings are generalized across entire population or subjects under investigation (Altheide and Johnson, 1994). Threats to external validity include; â€Å"relationship between treatment and attributes, relationship between treatment and setting, conflict between multiple and treatment, pretest and post-test sensitization† (Gay et al., 2008, pp241-247). External and internal validity are related in that as more controls are implemented which increases the internal validity; the generalization of the experiment reduces. There are several threats that affect validity; however the researcher need to take some necessary measures which include; avoid using pretest results if at all it might have some effects on the posttest results (Katzer, Cook and Crouch, 1998). Also the length of the treatment period should be shortened when there is prediction that the objects used may not survive the treatment period set, dividing the subjects into half if at all the post-test may differ from the pre-test results. Prediction of non-performance of subjects on an experimental task leads to development of an alternative instruction manual (Brownell, 1992). To strengthen internal validity researchers must identify all potential barriers before running an experiment. Researchers need to implement control techniques such as balancing samples through random selection. They should further use appropriate experimental designs. Strengthening of external validity involves experimenting on a phenomenon within labs that are free from real world duplicates. Researchers also need to find out if the environment in the laboratory is the same as that in real world. Example: A researcher compares the scores of students on discussion question versus those who do not explain their points on the same questions (Yin, 1994). If the findings indicate that those who discuss questions score significantly higher than the other group, it implies that discussion of questions is effective. If at all the students who elaborate on questions are given more exercises on how to answer the questions than those who do not, then there is involvement of extraneous variable which weakens the quality and validity of the experiment (Cooper and Schindler, 2001; Leedy, 1997). Example: The percentage change in the incidence of crime in the 106th Precinct may have been the result of the normal decline in crime experienced during the fall of the year and may have had little or nothing to do with 15% increase patrol officers. The decrease in crime experienced may be attributed to any of these factors; increased patrol effects, low crime due to season, or both factors. The study is considered to be logically confounded since there was no control on seasonal variation in crime (Friel, 2010). Statistics A variable is a subject that is measured in a research study; it can be in form of an object, event or any other measurable category. It is divided into independent and dependent variable (Hittleman and Simon, 2006; Creswell, 2008). An independent variable is a variable whose characteristics are not changed by other variables, it stands alone. Examples include; â€Å"age, gender and training course† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). While dependent variable is that variable which depends on other factors, it is subject to change depending on ho w it is influenced by others (Gay and Airasian, 2000, pp 571-590). A good example is â€Å"frequency of smoking† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). Case study I In this case the independent variable include teaching, this is because other factors such as new technology, student’s attitude might not change the meaning. Dependent variables include; student’s attitude, technology, Professor, and students. Student’s attitude is subject to change depending on the interest towards the subject and the teacher involved. Technology is subject to change depending on people’s ideas and its level of effectiveness. Professor is subject to change depending on how he/she adjusts to the new technology. The student’s are also subject to change depending on how involving the new technology is, they might improve on their study performance or not. This is non-experimental research since the independent variables cannot be measured but only observed. The statistical met hod to be used in this study is the unpaired t-test since in both groups students and teachers are independent of each other while the teaching process remains continuous (Creswell, 1994; Glass and Hopkins, 1984). Sample size n= 56 representing only one group, sample mean u= 28 STD deviation = 31.113 Variance = 968.01 Case study II In this case the dependent variable is the reinforcement schedules since the schedules can only be observed and not controlled. While the independent variables are the rein forcers (i.e. food, money and token) since they can easily be manipulated by the experimenter (Hart, 1998). In this case unpaired t-test will be used since the parameters are continuous and distributed. Comparison is to be made of the continuous distribution parameter in more than two independent variables; ANOVA will be used to generalize the unpaired t-test. This is an experimental research since the independent variables can be manipulated. Case Study III In this case independent va riable is the student achievement since it can be controlled and adjusted. While the dependent variable is their Scholastic Aptitude Test since it cannot be controlled it is natural. This is non experimental since the researcher cannot manipulate the results (Stake, 1995). Correlation analysis is suited for the analysis of this case; this is because the study tends to examine the strength of correlation between two variables that is SAT and scores. 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Resenthal, R., Rosnow, R.,(1999). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral Research: correlation approach. Web. Stake, R., (1995). The art of case research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Wiersma, W., (1995). Research methods in education: An introduction (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing. This assessment on Research Methodology and Statistics was written and submitted by user Helena Rosa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.